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SAFE WATER - Across the United States, communities are grappling with the far-reaching impact of PFAS (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances). A class of synthetic chemicals so persistent they are dubbed “forever chemicals.”
These compounds have infiltrated drinking water systems nationwide, prompting urgent action and new federal regulations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set strict guidelines to eliminate PFAS from public water supplies over the next five years.
What Are PFAS and Their Sources of Contamination?
PFAS are synthetic chemicals widely used since the 1940s in various products, such as nonstick cookware, water-resistant fabrics, and food packaging. They are valued for their durability and resistance to heat, water, and oil.
However, their resilience also makes them nearly indestructible in the environment, leading to their accumulation in soil, water, and even human bodies.
Firefighting foam has been a significant source of PFAS contamination, especially at military bases and airports. Its use has caused widespread pollution of nearby water systems.
According to TorHoerman Law, the persistent nature of these chemicals has led to numerous AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) lawsuits. Affected communities and individuals are seeking accountability for contamination and its associated health risks.
As of the latest AFFF lawsuit update, the total number of cases in multidistrict litigation (MDL) has reached 7,150. This widespread contamination continues to grow, affecting communities across the country. However, some cities are at the forefront of this issue, and we will explore them in detail.
Philadelphia
In Pennsylvania, public water providers have already been testing for PFAS under state-specific mandates established before the federal regulations were introduced. Recent data revealed that nearly 19% of water systems tested statewide had PFAS levels exceeding the new federal standards.
Philadelphia and surrounding counties, including Bucks, Chester, and Montgomery, have reported significant contamination. According to PBS, this is especially true in areas with a history of firefighting foam usage at military bases.
One glaring example is the Brookside Village Mobile Home Park in Berwick, Columbia County. PFAS levels ranged from 200 to 2,100 parts per trillion (ppt), surpassing both state and federal thresholds. These findings underscore the persistent challenge of eradicating PFAS.
While larger utilities have resources to address contamination, smaller communities often struggle with funding and expertise. Solutions such as bottled water distribution and home filtration systems are becoming stopgap measures until permanent remediation can be implemented.
Miami
In Miami, the PFAS problem extends beyond drinking water to the city’s rain. Researchers at Florida International University (FIU) have discovered that PFAS hitchhike on atmospheric water cycles, spreading these pollutants over vast distances. The team detected 21 PFAS varieties in rainwater samples, some originating from local sources and others transported from as far away as North Carolina.
The research also revealed seasonal variations in PFAS levels. During Miami’s dry season, higher concentrations were observed, coinciding with air masses from the Northeast. These findings highlight the global nature of PFAS contamination and the interconnectedness of environmental systems.
The persistent presence of PFAS in surface water, groundwater, and marine life like fish and lobsters in Biscayne Bay emphasizes a growing concern. Studies indicate that PFOS concentrations are highest near canals and decrease as water becomes deeper and more saline, where the chemicals are less soluble.
Surface waters near land had PFAS levels nearly six times higher than deeper waters offshore. This poses the greatest risk to pelagic fish like mackerel, tuna, and mahi-mahi that inhabit these surface waters.Houston
In Houston, PFAS contamination reflects the complexity of managing a sprawling water infrastructure. The city’s tap water sources- a mix of groundwater and surface water are vulnerable to both direct contamination and upstream discharges.
Recent studies as reported by the Houston Chronicle revealed high levels of PFAS in some Houston-area samples, with multiple sites exceeding 40 ppt. While these levels fall within proposed federal caps, they do not account for the cumulative effects of multiple PFAS compounds.
Compounding the issue is the historical use of PFAS in industrial applications. Recent documents released revealed that manufacturers like DuPont and 3M were aware of PFAS’ toxicity as early as the 1970s but continued production. This legacy of pollution has left cities like Houston facing contamination from wastewater treatment plants to surface waterways like White Oak Bayou.
FAQs
How do PFAS enter drinking water supplies?
PFAS can enter drinking water through contamination from industrial sites, military bases, or wastewater treatment plants that have used products containing these chemicals. Runoff from these sources can lead to widespread contamination of local water systems.
Are PFAS-related lawsuits affecting companies?
Yes, numerous lawsuits have been filed against companies responsible for PFAS contamination, especially those linked to firefighting foam. These legal actions seek compensation for affected communities and individuals who have experienced health issues or environmental damage due to PFAS exposure.
Can PFAS be removed from the environment?
PFAS are difficult to remove from the environment. However, technologies like activated carbon filtration, reverse osmosis, and high-pressure membranes show promise in reducing contamination levels in water and soil. Nevertheless, the complete removal of PFAS from large-scale ecosystems remains a challenge.
Toward a Unified Solution
Efforts to combat PFAS contamination are gaining momentum, driven by research, regulations, and public awareness. The EPA’s new maximum contaminant levels- 4 ppt for two of the most common PFAS, PFOA and PFOS are a critical step forward. However, these regulations do not address newer PFAS varieties or the cumulative impact of multiple chemicals.
Innovative solutions are emerging. Cities are exploring advanced filtration technologies and alternative water sources, while researchers continue to map the pathways of PFAS in the environment. Collaboration among federal agencies, local governments, and private entities will be essential to tackle this multifaceted issue.
As the fight against “forever chemicals” intensifies, the story of these cities serves as microcosms of the broader challenge. By addressing contamination at both local and systemic levels, these cities are paving the way for a safer and more sustainable future.
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